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Here are several simple devices commonly used
in commercial instruments for determining surface tension:
From left to right below:
-- In the capillary rise method we measure
the length (and from density compute the mass) of a fluid column
that is pulled up the capillary against the pull of gravity.
-- In the plate withdrawal method we measure
the weight (and compute the force per unit length of two
sides) required as the plate pulls a shoreline of liquid
(on each side of the plate) out of the liquid.
Note that the bouyant effect of the liquid on the submerged section
of plate must be considered.
-- In the ring tensiometer method we measure
the maximum force (and compute the force per unit length of two
circumferences) required as the ring pulls a tube of liquid
(two-sided) out of the liquid -- the fluid film breaks when
the maximum weight of fluid tube that it can sustain is exceeded.
From left to right above:
-- The maxumum bubble pressure method uses the maximum
pressure that a bubble requires as it grows to become a hemisphere.
After this point it rapidly grows at nearly constant radius
of curvature (at constant pressure), detaches from the capillary
tip, and the pressure drops as a new bubble starts to grow, with
initially a high radius and a low pressure.
-- The rotating bubble method uses the axial length and
diameter of a bubble in a tube spinning rapidly to create
a centrifugal force gradient (and corresponding hydrostatic pressure
gradient) in the tube.
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