Educ. Reso. for Part. Techn. 012Q-Nelson
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Copyright © 2001 Ralph Nelson, Licensed to ERPT

Wetting Powders into Liquids, by Ralph Nelson

-- 3: Measuring Surface Tension --


Here are several simple devices commonly used in commercial instruments for determining surface tension:

From left to right below:
-- In the capillary rise method we measure the length (and from density compute the mass) of a fluid column that is pulled up the capillary against the pull of gravity.
-- In the plate withdrawal method we measure the weight (and compute the force per unit length of two sides) required as the plate pulls a shoreline of liquid (on each side of the plate) out of the liquid. Note that the bouyant effect of the liquid on the submerged section of plate must be considered.
-- In the ring tensiometer method we measure the maximum force (and compute the force per unit length of two circumferences) required as the ring pulls a tube of liquid (two-sided) out of the liquid -- the fluid film breaks when the maximum weight of fluid tube that it can sustain is exceeded.

From left to right above:
-- The maxumum bubble pressure method uses the maximum pressure that a bubble requires as it grows to become a hemisphere. After this point it rapidly grows at nearly constant radius of curvature (at constant pressure), detaches from the capillary tip, and the pressure drops as a new bubble starts to grow, with initially a high radius and a low pressure.
-- The rotating bubble method uses the axial length and diameter of a bubble in a tube spinning rapidly to create a centrifugal force gradient (and corresponding hydrostatic pressure gradient) in the tube.


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